Zinc Transporter ZnT1 mRNA Expression Is Negatively Associated with Leptin Serum Concentrations but Is not Associated with Insulin Resistance or Inflammatory Markers in Visceral Adipose Tissue.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between biomarkers of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and zinc transporter ZnT1 expression in human visceral adipose tissue. Visceral adipose tissue obtained from 47 adults undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cholecystectomy was used to analyze ZnT1 mRNA expression by RT-qPCR. ZnT1 mRNA levels were compared between subjects with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. A significantly lower ZnT1 expression was observed in overweight and obesity compared with normal-weight subjects (p = 0.0016). Moreover, subjects with normal weight had significantly higher serum zinc concentration (97.7 ± 13.1 mg/L) than subjects with overweight (87.0 ± 12.8 mg/L) and obesity (83.1 ± 6.6 mg/L) (p = 0.002). Pearson test showed a positive correlation between serum zinc concentrations and ZnT1 mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.323; p = 0.031) and a negative correlation with body mass index (r = - 0.358; p = 0.013). A linear regression model was used to analyze the associations between ZnT1 mRNA expression and serum zinc levels, insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), serum adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), and serum inflammation biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein). Interestingly, leptin concentrations were negatively associated with ZnT1 mRNA expression (p = 0.012); however, no significant associations were found for the rest of the analyzed variables. Future research is needed to analyze the causality of negative association between ZntT1 expression in visceral adipose tissue and leptin.

Epidemiological Profile and Social Welfare Index as Factors Associated with COVID-19 Hospitalization and Severity in Mexico City: A Retrospective Analysis.

Epidemiological data indicate that Mexico holds the 19th place in cumulative cases (5506.53 per 100,000 inhabitants) of COVID-19 and the 5th place in cumulative deaths (256.14 per 100,000 inhabitants) globally and holds the 4th and 3rd place in cumulative cases and deaths in the Americas region, respectively, with Mexico City being the most affected area. Several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors have been linked to a poor clinical outcome in COVID-19 infection; however, whether socioeconomic and welfare factors are associated with clinical outcome has been scanty addressed. This study tried to investigate the association of Social Welfare Index (SWI) with hospitalization and severity due to COVID-19. A retrospective analysis was conducted at the Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre"-ISSSTE, based in Mexico City, Mexico. A total of 3963 patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, registered from March to July 2020, were included, retrieved information from the Virology Analysis and Reference Unit Database. Demographic, symptoms and clinical data were analyzed, as well as the SWI, a multidimensional parameter based on living and household conditions. An adjusted binary logistic regression model was performed in order to compare the outcomes of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation requirement (MVR) and mortality between SWI categories: Very high (VHi), high (Hi), medium (M) and low (L). The main findings show that lower SWI were independently associated with higher probability for hospital entry: VHi vs. Hi vs. M vs. L-SWI (0 vs. +0.24 [OR = 1.24, CI95% 1.01-1.53] vs. +0.90 [OR = 1.90, CI95% 1.56-2.32] vs. 0.73 [OR = 1.73, CI95% 1.36-2.19], respectively); Mechanical Ventilation Requirement: VHi vs. M vs. L-SWI (0 vs. +0.45 [OR = 1.45, CI95% 1.11-1.87] vs. +0.35 [OR = 1.35, CI95% 1.00-1.82]) and mortality: VHi vs. Hi vs. M (0 vs. +0.54 [OR = 1.54, CI95% 1.22-1.94] vs. +0.41 [OR = 1.41, CI95% 1.13-1.76]). We concluded that SWI was independently associated with the poor clinical outcomes in COVID-19, beyond demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics.

Low miR-222 expression in human visceral adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and PTEN and p53 mRNA levels.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this is study was to analyse the expression of miR-193b, miR-378, miR-Let7-d, and miR-222 in human visceral adipose tissue (VAT), as well as their association with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and their role in the regulation of genes controlling adipose tissue homeostasis, including adipocytokines, the phosphatase and tension homologue (PTEN), and tumour protein 53 (p53). MATERIAL AND METHODS: VAT was obtained from normal-weight (NW), overweight, and obese (OW/OB) subjects with and without IR. Stem-loop RT-qPCR was used to evaluate miRNA expression levels. miRTarBase 4.0, miRWalk, and DIANA-TarBase v8 were used for prediction of validated target gene of the miRNA analysed. A qPCR was used to evaluate PTEN, p53, leptin (LEP), and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) mRNA. RESULTS: miR-222 was lower in IR subjects, and miR-222 and miR-378 negatively correlated with HOMA-IR. PTEN and p53 are miR-222 direct targets according to databases. mRNA expression of PTEN and p53 was lower in OW/OB subjects with and without IR, compared to NW group and its levels positively associated with miR-222. Additionally, p53 and PTEN are positively associated with serum leptin levels. On the other hand, miR-193b and miR-378 negatively correlated with serum leptin but not with mRNA levels. Moreover, miR-Let-7d negatively correlated with serum adiponectin but not with adiponectin mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS: Lower miR-222 levels are associated with IR, and PTEN and p53 expression; the implication of these genes in adipose tissue homeostasis needs more research.

[Cardiovascular implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A literature review]. / Implicaciones cardiovasculares de la infección por SARS-CoV-2: revisión de literatura.

In December 2019, a new strain of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus was reported in Wuhan, China, which produced severe lung involvement and progressed to respiratory distress. To date, more than seventeen million confirmed cases and more than half a million died worldwide from COVID-19. Patients with cardiovascular disease are more susceptible to contracting this disease and presenting more complications. We did a literature search on the association of cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 in databases such as Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library. The purpose of this review is to provide updated information for health professionals who care for patients with COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease, given that they have a high risk of complications and mortality. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers is controversial, and there is no evidence not to use these medications in patients with COVID-19. Regarding treatment with hydroxychloroquine associated or not with azithromycin, there is evidence of a higher risk with its use than clinical benefit and decreased mortality. Likewise, patients with heart failure are an important risk group due to their condition per se. Patients with heart failure and COVID-19 are a diagnostic dilemma because the signs of acute heart failure could be masked. On the other hand, in patients with acute coronary syndrome, the initial therapeutic approach could change in the context of the pandemic, although only based on expert opinions. Nonetheless, many controversial issues will be the subject of future research.

En diciembre de 2019 se reportó en Wuhan, China, la aparición de una nueva cepa de coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 que producía un compromiso pulmonar severo y progresaba a estrés respiratorio agudo. A la fecha, son más de diecisiete millones los casos confirmados y más de medio millón los fallecidos en todo el mundo a causa de COVID-19. Los estudios reportan que los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular son más susceptibles a contraer esta enfermedad y a presentar más complicaciones. El propósito de esta revisión es proporcionar información actualizada para los profesionales de la salud que atienden a pacientes con COVID-19 y que tienen además enfermedad cardiovascular y por ende un riesgo elevado de complicaciones y mortalidad. Realizamos una búsqueda de bibliografía científica acerca de la asociación de enfermedad cardiovascular y COVID-19 en diferentes bases de datos como Scopus, MEDLINE vía PubMed y Cochrane Library. El tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y bloqueadores del receptor de angiotensina ha sido motivo de discusión y no hay evidencia sólida para contraindicarlo en pacientes con COVID-19. Respecto al tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina asociado o no con azitromicina, hay evidencia que demuestra un mayor riesgo con su utilización, que beneficio clínico y/o disminución de mortalidad. En este contexto, los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca representan un grupo importante de riesgo por su condición per se y por el dilema diagnóstico generado al evaluar un paciente con COVID-19, en el que los signos de insuficiencia cardíaca aguda podrían enmascararse. Por otro lado, en los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, el enfoque terapéutico inicial podría cambiar en el contexto de la pandemia, aunque sólo sobre la base de opiniones de expertos. Quedan, sin embargo, muchos temas en controversia que serán motivo de investigaciones futuras.

Low prolactin levels are associated with visceral adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance in humans.

PURPOSE: Low prolactin (PRL) serum levels are associated with glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes in adults, and with metabolic syndrome and obesity in children. In obese rodents, PRL treatment promotes insulin sensitivity by maintaining adipose tissue fitness, and lack of PRL signaling exacerbates obesity-derived metabolic alterations. Since adipose tissue dysfunction is a key factor triggering metabolic alterations, we evaluated whether PRL serum levels are associated with adipocyte hypertrophy (a marker of adipose tissue dysfunction), insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in lean, overweight, and obese adult men and women. METHODS: Samples of serum and adipose tissue from 40 subjects were obtained to evaluate insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), signs of metabolic syndrome (glucose levels, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, blood pressure, and waist circumference), as well as adipocyte size and gene expression in fat. RESULTS: Lower PRL serum levels are associated with adipocyte hypertrophy, in visceral but not in subcutaneous fat, and with a higher HOMA-IR. Furthermore, low systemic PRL levels together with high waist circumference predict an elevated HOMA-IR whereas low serum PRL values in combination with high blood glucose predicts visceral adipocyte hypertrophy. In agreement, visceral fat from insulin resistant subjects shows reduced expression of prolactin receptor. However, there is no association between PRL levels and obesity or signs of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support that low levels of PRL are markers of visceral fat dysfunction and insulin resistance, and suggest the potential therapeutic value of medications elevating PRL levels to help maintain metabolic homeostasis.

Implicaciones cardiovasculares de la infección por SARS-CoV-2: revisión de literatura / Cardiovascular implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a literature review

En diciembre de 2019 se reportó en Wuhan, China, la aparición de una nueva cepa de coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 que producía un compromiso pulmonar severo y progresaba a estrés respiratorio agudo. A la fecha, son más de diecisiete millones los casos confirmados y más de medio millón los fallecidos en todo el mundo a causa de COVID-19. Los estudios reportan que los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular son más susceptibles a contraer esta enfermedad y a presentar más complicaciones. El propósito de esta revisión es proporcionar información actualizada para los profesionales de la salud que atienden a pacientes con COVID-19 y que tienen además enfermedad cardiovascular y por ende un riesgo elevado de complicaciones y mortalidad. Realizamos una búsqueda de bibliografía científica acerca de la asociación de enfermedad cardiovascular y COVID-19 en diferentes bases de datos como Scopus, MEDLINE vía PubMed y Cochrane Library. El tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y bloqueadores del receptor de angiotensina ha sido motivo de discusión y no hay evidencia sólida para contraindicarlo en pacientes con COVID-19. Respecto al tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina asociado o no con azitromicina, hay evidencia que demuestra un mayor riesgo con su utilización, que beneficio clínico y/o disminución de mortalidad. En este contexto, los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca representan un grupo importante de riesgo por su condición per se y por el dilema diagnóstico generado al evaluar un paciente con COVID-19, en el que los signos de insuficiencia cardíaca aguda podrían enmascararse. Por otro lado, en los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, el enfoque terapéutico inicial podría cambiar en el contexto de la pandemia, aunque sólo sobre la base de opiniones de expertos. Quedan, sin embargo, muchos temas en controversia que serán motivo de investigaciones futuras.

In December 2019, a new strain of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus was reported in Wuhan, China, which produced severe lung involvement and progressed to respiratory distress. To date, more than seventeen million confirmed cases and more than half a million died worldwide from COVID-19. Patients with cardiovascular disease are more susceptible to contracting this disease and presenting more complications. We did a literature search on the association of cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 in databases such as Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library. The purpose of this review is to provide updated information for health professionals who care for patients with COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease, given that they have a high risk of complications and mortality. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers is controversial, and there is no evidence not to use these medications in patients with COVID-19. Regarding treatment with hydroxychloroquine associated or not with azithromycin, there is evidence of a higher risk with its use than clinical benefit and decreased mortality. Likewise, patients with heart failure are an important risk group due to their condition per se. Patients with heart failure and COVID-19 are a diagnostic dilemma because the signs of acute heart failure could be masked. On the other hand, in patients with acute coronary syndrome, the initial therapeutic approach could change in the context of the pandemic, although only based on expert opinions. Nonetheless, many controversial issues will be the subject of future research.

Secondary colonic necrosis. Case report.

BACKGROUND: Colonic vascular lesion secondary to verapamil overdose is mediated by free radicals, forming vascular microtrombos and endotoxin generation, being a difficult diagnosis. CLINICAL CASE: A 27-year-old female is admitted with an acute abdomen of 4 days after an event referred for a suicidal attempt due to an overdose of verapamil, operating surgically where there is a right transmural colon necrosis, performing a right hemicolectomy with terminal ileostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Recognize and properly treat an acute abdomen, not always reach an adequate diagnosis, so a thorough history could conclude.

ANTECEDENTES: La lesión vascular colónica secundaria a la sobredosis de verapamilo, es mediada por radicales libres, formando microtrombos vasculares y generación de endotoxinas, siendo un diagnostico difícil. CASO CLÍNICO: Femenino de 27 años, ingresa con abdomen agudo de 4 días posteriores a un evento remitido de intento suicida por sobredosis de verapamilo, interviniéndose quirúrgicamente donde se halla necrosis colónica transmural derecha, realizando hemicolectomía derecha con ileostomía terminal. CONCLUSIONES: Reconocer y tratar de forma adecuada un abdomen agudo, no siempre se suele llegar a un adecuado diagnostico, por lo cual una minuciosa anamnesis lograría concluirlo.

Optically Assisted Surface Functionalization for Protein Arraying in Aqueous Media.

Protein surface patterning is employed in a broad spectrum of applications ranging from protein microarray analysis to 2D cell organization. However, limitations arise because of the highly sensitive nature of proteins requiring careful handling to ensure their structural and functional integrity during the grafting process. Here, we describe a patterning protocol that keeps proteins in an aqueous environment during their immobilization, avoiding the loss of their biological activity. The procedure is based on the UV-mediated removal of polyethylene glycol self-assembled monolayers in a transparent microfluidic chamber, giving access to micrometric motifs of predefined geometries. Afterward, modified proteins can be grafted on the photopatterned domains. We also studied the influence of reactive oxygen species for a better understanding of the chemical mechanism involved in this process. Finally, as a proof of concept, a protein microarray was created with this process using cell-capturing antibodies to immobilize human blood cells, confirming the functionality of the arrayed proteins.

Therapeutic properties of cannabinoid drugs and marijuana in several disorders: A narrative review / Propiedades terapeúticas de los fármacos cannabinoides y de la marihuana en distintas patologías: Revisión narrativa

Abstract Background Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, and other effects have been attributed to cannabis, and so it has been widely used to treat several diseases. Objective To assess the use and therapeutic effects of cannabinoid drugs and the cannabis plant in several diseases. Method We carried out a narrative review of the literature that has reported the use of the cannabis plant (marijuana) and cannabinoid drugs (nabilone, cannabinol and dronabinol, among others). We conducted a search in Medline, Cochrane, SciELO and other web sites. Clinical, controlled, double-blind and randomized studies were included. The route of administration and the cannabinoid drugs used were assessed too. Results Thirty-four studies were included. Nabilone was the cannabinoid drug more commonly used (12 studies), followed by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (11 studies). It was also found that the marijuana plant and cannabinoid drugs were used to treat many symptoms or diseases. Two studies were reported for Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Discussion and conclusion Many scientific studies on the marijuana plant and cannabinoid drugs conclude that these are not as effective as conventional medications and thus their benefits should be taken with caution.

Resumen Antecedentes A la planta de cannabis y a los fármacos cannabinoides se les han atribuido efectos antiinflamatorios, analgésicos y anticonvulsivantes, entre otros, y por ello se han utilizado para tratar diversas patologías. Objetivo Evaluar el uso y los efectos terapéuticos de la planta de cannabis y los fármacos cannabinoides en diversas enfermedades. Método Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo mediante la revisión narrativa de la literatura sobre el uso de la planta de cannabis (mariguana) y los fármacos cannabinoides (nabilona, cannabinol y dronabinol, entre otros) en los buscadores Medline, Cochrane, SciELO y otros. Se incluyeron sólo los estudios clínicos, controlados, doble ciego y aleatorizados, así como la vía de administración y el fármaco cannabinoide utilizado. Resultados Treinta y cuatro estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La nabilona fue el fármaco más empleado (12 estudios), seguida del delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC) (11 estudios). Tanto la planta como los fármacos cannabinoides se utilizaron para tratar diversos síntomas o enfermedades. Dos estudios reportaron su uso para el síndrome de Gilles de la Tourette. Discusión y conclusión La mayoría de los estudios revisados indican que la efectividad de la planta de mariguana o de los fármacos cannabinoides no es superior a la de los fármacos convencionales y que sus beneficios deben tomarse con cautela.

Prolactin Promotes Adipose Tissue Fitness and Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Males.

Excessive accumulation of body fat triggers insulin resistance and features of the metabolic syndrome. Recently, evidence has accumulated that obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are associated with reduced levels of serum prolactin (PRL) in humans and rodents, raising the question of whether low PRL levels contribute to metabolic dysfunction. Here, we have addressed this question by investigating the role of PRL in insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue fitness in obese rodents and humans. In diet-induced obese rats, treatment with PRL delivered via osmotic mini-pumps, improved insulin sensitivity, prevented adipocyte hypertrophy, and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression in visceral fat. PRL also induced increased expression of Pparg and Xbp1s in visceral adipose tissue and elevated circulating adiponectin levels. Conversely, PRL receptor null mice challenged with a high-fat diet developed greater insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and increased adipocyte hypertrophy compared with wild-type mice. In humans, serum PRL values correlated positively with systemic adiponectin levels and were reduced in insulin-resistant patients. Furthermore, PRL circulating levels and PRL produced by adipose tissue correlated directly with the expression of PPARG, ADIPOQ, and GLUT4 in human visceral and sc adipose tissue. Thus, PRL, acting through its cognate receptors, promotes healthy adipose tissue function and systemic insulin sensitivity. Increasing the levels of PRL in the circulation may have therapeutic potential against obesity-induced metabolic diseases.

Institutionalized physical activity curriculum benefits of medical students in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Health authorities internationally have recommended implementing physical activity and exercise for health training programs within the curriculum of medical schools. The purpose of this evaluation was to determine the changes in physical fitness and health (Fitnessgram criteria) of a sports medicine and physical activity course implemented for 3rd year students in a private medical school in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: Intervention was targeted to 13 medical student cohorts. Cardiovascular endurance (20 m shuttle run test), speed (20 m sprint), strength (push-ups and curl-ups in 30 s), and flexibility (sit and reach) were evaluated at the beginning and end of the school semester. It was a 54 semester-hour intervention (3 h/week), with 37 h (69%) of directed group-based physical exercise. RESULTS: Five hundred and twenty-four students were evaluated with an average age of 20 ± 1.4 years; 341 (65.1%) were women. In all the fitness tests for men and women, a significant increase was found. The prevalence of a healthy cardiorespiratory capacity went from 47.8% to 89.1% in women (P < 0.001) and from 54.6% to 83.1% in men (P < 0.001). Body mass index and weight increased in both sexes. DISCUSSION: The results of the current study showed that a 54 h physical activity course within the medicine curriculum had a positive impact on health-related fitness indicators in Colombian medical students.

Susceptibilidad a antibióticos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa aislada de agua de consumo humano de la comunidad Santa Rosa de Agua, Maracaibo, estado Zulia / Antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from drinking water from Santa Rosa de Agua community, Maracaibo Zulia State

Pseudomonas aeruginosa es parte de un grupo de bacterias ubicuas en el ambiente. Su elevado nivel de resistencia intrínseca a los antibióticos, unido a su capacidad para desarrollar nuevos mecanismos de resistencia, hacen de este patógeno oportunista uno de los más difíciles de tratar. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la susceptibilidad a antibióticos de P. aeruginosa aislada del agua de consumo humano de la comunidad Santa Rosa de Agua, Maracaibo, estado Zulia, así como la detección de enzimas de resistencia a antibióticos. Se analizaron 40 muestras. El aislamiento de Pseudomonas se realizó en caldo asparagina y agar cetrimide, con posterior identificación bioquímica. La susceptibilidad a antibióticos se determinó, según el método de difusión en disco y la producción de enzimas mediante la sinergia de discos. El 92,5% de las muestras presentaron Pseudomonas, lográndose aislar 22 cepas de P. aeruginosa. El mayor porcentaje de cepas resistentes fue ante aztreonam (36,4%), seguido por ceftazidima (22,7%), cefepime (13,6%) y tobramicina (4,5%). El 18% de las cepas resultaron positivas para la determinación de BLEE mediante disociación de betalactámicos, así mismo el 9% positivas para carbapenemasas y metalobetalactamasas.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a group of ubiquitous bacteria found in the environment. Its high level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance, coupled with its ability to develop new mechanisms of resistance, make this opportunistic pathogen one of the most difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolated from drinking water from Santa Rosa de Agua community, Maracaibo, Zulia State, as well as the detection of antibiotic resistance enzymes. Forty isolates were analyzed using asparagine agar broth and cetrimide, with subsequent biochemical identification. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method and enzyme production was studied by combined disc diffusion. Of the specimens studied 92.5% were positive for Pseudomonas, of which 22 isolates were P. aeruginosa. The highest percentage of resistant strains were to aztreonam (36.4%), followed by ceftazidime (22.7%), cefepime (13.6%) and tobramycin (4.5%). The determination for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) was 18% positive and 9% positive for carbapenemases (KPC) and metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL).

Actitud hacia la violencia de género de los profesionales de Atención Primaria: estudio comparativo entre Cataluña y Costa Rica / Attitude of primary care professionals to gender violence. A comparative study between Catalonia and Costa Rica

OBJETIVO: Relacionar la actitud hacia la violencia de género (VG) de profesionales de Atención Primaria con satisfacción laboral, carga laboral, orientación de práctica profesional, conocimientos, formación y uso de los recursos socio sanitarios en Cataluña y Costa Rica. DISEÑO: Estudio exploratorio transversal y comparativo. Emplazamientos: Atención Primaria en Barcelona y comarcas, y Gran Área Metropolitana en Costa Rica. PARTICIPANTES: 235 profesionales de Medicina, Enfermería, Psicología y Trabajo Social. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Cuestionario con 8 bloques que miden actitudes, satisfacción profesional, orientación de práctica profesional, carga laboral, conocimientos, formación y uso de los recursos sociosanitarios. Se realizan 3 tipos de análisis de datos: descriptivo de cada variable, de correlación de variables y un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. RESULTADOS: La actitud hacia la violencia de género fue similar en ambos contextos (Cataluña: 3,90, intervalo de confianza [IC del 95%], 3,84-3,96; Costa Rica 4,03, IC del 95%, 3,94-4,13). En el análisis multivariable, los factores que se asociaron a la actitud fueron: 1) formación (B = 0,10; p = 0,02); 2)uso de recursos sociosanitarios (B = 0,20; p = <0,01), y 3) el país Costa Rica (B = 0,16; p = < 0,01). Las interacciones entre las variables independientes y el país no fueron significativas. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de los recursos sociosanitarios y la formación actualizada puede incrementar una actitud favorable para el abordaje de la violencia de género en Atención Primaria. El efecto de las variables es el mismo tanto en Cataluña como en Costa Rica

OBJECTIVE: Describe the relationship between the attitude towards violence against women (VAW) of professionals of the health of primary care with variables such professional satisfaction, workload, orientation of professional practice, knowledge, training and use of network in Catalonia and Costa Rica. DESIGN: Cross-exploratory and comparative study. LOCATION: Primary care in Barcelona and nearby counties and the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) of Costa Rica. PARTICIPANTS: 235 primary health professionals of Medicine, Nursing, Psychology and Social Work. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Questionnaire with eight sections about attitudes, professional satisfaction, and orientation of professional practice, workload, knowledge, training and use of network. Three types of analysis were carried out: a descriptive one by country; a bivariate analysis; and a multivariable linear regression model. RESULTS: Primary Health Professionals attitudes towards VAW health were similar in both contexts (Catalonia: 3.90 IC 95% 3.84-3.96; Costa Rica: 4.03 IC 95% 3.94-4.13). The variables associated with attitudes towards VAW were: Use of network resources (B = 0.20, 95% CI -0.14-0.25, P=<.001), Training (B = 0.10, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.17, P=<0.001), and country, Costa Rica (B = 0.16, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.25,P=<0.001). There was no interaction between the country and the other variables, suggesting that the association between the variables and the attitude is similar in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that increased use of network resources and training are related to a positive attitude towards VWA in primary health professionals, both in Catalonia and Costa Rica

[Attitude of primary care professionals to gender violence. A comparative study between Catalonia and Costa Rica]. / Actitud hacia la violencia de género de los profesionales de Atención Primaria: estudio comparativo entre Cataluña y Costa Rica.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the relationship between the attitude towards violence against women (VAW) of professionals of the health of primary care with variables such professional satisfaction, workload, orientation of professional practice, knowledge, training and use of network in Catalonia and Costa Rica. DESIGN: Cross-exploratory and comparative study. LOCATION: Primary care in Barcelona and nearby counties and the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) of Costa Rica. PARTICIPANTS: 235 primary health professionals of Medicine, Nursing, Psychology and Social Work. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Questionnaire with eight sections about attitudes, professional satisfaction, and orientation of professional practice, workload, knowledge, training and use of network. Three types of analysis were carried out: a descriptive one by country; a bivariate analysis; and a multivariable linear regression model. RESULTS: Primary Health Professionals attitudes towards VAW health were similar in both contexts (Catalonia: 3.90 IC 95% 3.84-3.96; Costa Rica: 4.03 IC 95% 3.94-4.13). The variables associated with attitudes towards VAW were: Use of network resources (B=0.20, 95% CI -0.14-0.25, P=<.001), Training (B=0.10, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.17, P=<0.001), and country, Costa Rica (B=0.16, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.25, P=<0.001). There was no interaction between the country and the other variables, suggesting that the association between the variables and the attitude is similar in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that increased use of network resources and training are related to a positive attitude towards VWA in primary health professionals, both in Catalonia and Costa Rica.

Comorbilidad de los trastornos por consumo de sustancias con otros trastornos psiquiátricos en Centros Residenciales de Ayuda-Mutua para la Atención de las Adicciones / Comorbidity of substance abuse disorders with other psychiatric disorders in Mutual-Aid Residential Treatment Centers

La comorbilidad de los trastornos por consumo de sustancias con otros trastornos mentales presenta una importante prevalencia; se ha reportado que ésta es mayor en los centros de tratamiento psiquiátrico (2050%) y para las adicciones (50-75%) en comparación con la población abierta. Una modalidad de Ayuda-Mutua para la atención de las adicciones común en México es la de los Centros Residenciales y Casas de Recuperación para las adicciones, también llamados "anexos". El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de comorbilidad de los trastornos por consumo de sustancias con otros trastornos psiquiátricos en una muestra de participantes de sexo masculino adscritos a los Centros Residenciales de Ayuda-Mutua para la Atención de las Adicciones (CRAMAA). Se captó a un total de 535 participantes, de los cuales 346 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron evaluados. La evaluación diagnóstica de los trastornos por uso de sustancias y los 17 trastornos psiquiátricos comórbidos se realizó con la Entrevista Internacional Diagnóstica Compuesta (WMH-CIDI). Los resultados mostraron que 75.72% cumplía con criterios diagnósticos para algún trastorno psiquiátrico comórbido, siendo los más prevalentes los trastornos por déficit de atención y comportamiento perturbador, seguidos por los trastornos de ansiedad, la ansiedad por separación, los trastornos afectivos, los trastornos por control de impulsos y con menor frecuencia los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. En la mayoría de los casos (83.59%), los trastornos psiquiátricos comórbidos precedieron a los trastornos adictivos. Este estudio constituye una aportación que puede considerarse para futuras propuestas en políticas públicas, que se traduzcan en acciones para ofertar servicios que atiendan las adicciones y los trastornos psiquiátricos de manera integral.

Substance use disorders have a high degree of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders; it has been reported that the prevalence of comorbidity is higher in psychiatric (20-50%) and addiction (50-75%) treatment settings than in household or student populations. Because of limited treatment alternatives and greater treatment needs, Mutual-Aid groups have become relevant in the last decades. A modality of Mutual-Aid for addiction treatment that has proliferated in Mexico has taken the form of residential Mutual-Aid centers called "anexos" in Spanish. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of lifetime comorbidity between substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders in those who attended these residential Mutual-Aid centers. The initial sample consisted of 535 male participants diagnosed with a substance use disorder, but only 346 fulfilled the inclusion criteria to continue with the evaluation. Only males were included as the participating centers only admit males. Psychiatric diagnosis was evaluated with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) using DSM-IV criteria. The results showed that 75.72% met criteria for any comorbid psychiatric disorder, the most frequent being attention deficit and conduct disorders, followed by anxiety disorders, separation anxiety disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders and least frequently eating disorders. While the study is limited by its non-representative sample, the findings provide valuable information for a hidden population for which there is a dearth of information and points to the need for integrative services which address both addiction and comorbid psychiatric disorders simultaneously.

Validation of a cocaine craving questionnaire (CCQ-G) in Mexican population / Cuestionario del craving (apetencia) de cocaína (CCQ-G) en población mexicana

This study aimed for the validation of the General Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (CCQ-G) in Mexican population. To achieve this, the scale was applied by interviewing 233 cocaine users, of which 214 met inclusion criteria for the final analysis. This study's inclusion criterion was: not having a psychotic episode and/or manic or depressive or cognitive damage that could impede adequate test solving. The sample consisted entirely of male participants, aged between 18 and 59 years (M = 27, SD = 9.2). All participants met DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance abuse and dependence. 83% of the sample were polydrug users, but reported cocaine as their main drug of use. 74.8% of the sample reported previously having attended treatment for cocaine dependence. At the time of the study, all of the sample was under residential treatment between their 4th and 12th week and was distributed in 5 different institutions whose treatment model is grounded in the philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous. After factor analysis was performed, the model was adjusted to three factors. Factor 1 referred to intention to use cocaine, factor 2 expressed desire for cocaine consumption, and factor 3 referred to positive expectancies for cocaine consumption. The instrument showed good internal consistency with an α=.87.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo validar en la población mexicana la escala Cocaine Craving Questionnaire General (CCQ-G). Para conseguir tal objetivo, se entrevistó y aplicó la escala a una N = 233 consumidores de cocaína que decidieron participar voluntariamente en el estudio. Los criterios para ingresar al estudio fueron los siguientes: no sufrir un episodio psicótico, maniaco, depresivo o daño cognitivo que impidiera resolver adecuadamente la escala. La muestra estuvo constituida por participantes masculinos, que reunían los criterios del DSM-IV-TR para abuso y dependencia a sustancias, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 59 años (M=27, SD=9.2). En el momento de las entrevistas estaban bajo tratamiento residencial entre la cuarta y duodécima semanas en cinco diferentes instituciones cuyo tratamiento se basa en el modelo de Alcohólicos Anónimos. El análisis factorial que se realizó señaló que el modelo se ajustaba a tres factores. El Factor 1 hacía referencia a la intención de uso de cocaína; el Factor 2 expresaba deseos de consumo de cocaína; el Factor 3 hacía referencia a las expectativas positivas del consumo de cocaína. El instrumento también mostró una adecuada consistencia interna con un α=.87.

Enzymatic detergent in rat peritoneum. A comparative study with physiological solution.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal washing out with physiological solution with different substances added is useful in peritoneal infections, but the effect of enzymatic detergents, such as quaternary didecyl-dimethyl ammonium compounds (DDAC), used in the sterilization of surgical material is unknown. We undertook this study to determine histological changes (inflammation, fibrosis and new vessel formation) in the peritoneum of Wistar rats after the application of physiological solution or DDAC. METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DDAC for E. coli (512 µg/ml) and E. faecalis (128 µg/ml) was determined. Sixty-three Wistar rats weighing 200 ± 20 g were studied. They were divided into three groups: control: 7 rats were instilled with 3 ml of physiological solution in peritoneal cavity; groups 1 and 2 were instilled with 3 ml of MIC for E. coli and E. faecalis, respectively. These groups were divided into four subgroups of seven animals. In every rat, 1 cm(2) of peritoneum was obtained at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days for histological study with hematoxylin-eosin. Ten fields were evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in inflammation, fibrosis and new vessel formation with the physiological solution vs. DDAC at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days (p >0.05), except for inflammation at 2 days in group 2 (p = 0.026), which remitted. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in changes in rat peritoneum after physiological solution or DDAC application.

Simple derivation of the initial fluid rate for the resuscitation of severely burned adult combat casualties: in silico validation of the rule of 10.

BACKGROUND: In practice, current burn resuscitation formulas, designed to estimate 24-hour fluid resuscitation needs, provide only a starting point for resuscitation. To simplify this process, we devised the "rule of 10" to derive the initial fluid rate. METHODS: We performed an in silico study to determine whether the rule of 10 would result in acceptable initial fluid rates for adult patients. A computer application using Java (Sun Microsystems Inc., Santa Clara, CA) generated a set of 100,000 random weights and percentage of total body surface area (%TBSA) values with distributions matching the model characteristics with which the initial fluid rate was calculated using the rule of 10. The initial rate for 100,000 simulations was compared with initial rates calculated by using either the modified Brooke (MB, 2 mL/kg/%TBSA) or the Parkland (PL, 4 mL/kg/%TBSA) formulas. RESULTS: Analysis of calculated initial fluid rates using the rule of 10 showed that 87.8% (n = 87,840) of patients fell between the initial rates derived by the MB and the PL formulas. Less than 12% (n = 11,502) of patients had rule of 10 derived initial rates below the MB. Among these patients, the median difference of the initial rate was 14 mL/hr (range, 2-212 mL/hr). Among those who had initial rule of 10 calculated rates greater than the PL formula (<1%, n = 658), the median difference in rate was 33 mL/hr (range, 1-213 mL/hr), with a mean %TBSA of 21% +/- 1% and mean weight of 130 kg +/- 11 kg. CONCLUSION: For the majority of adult burn patients, the rule of 10 approximates the initial fluid rate within acceptable ranges.